The X-Files: I Want To Believe (2008)

Former FBI agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny), a believer in alien abductions, paranormal phenomena and government conspiracies, and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), a more pragmatic physician with forensic expertise, team up to find a missing FBI agent by following a trail laid out by a defrocked Catholic priest (Billy Connolly), who's a self-proclaimed psychic.

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The Legend of Zelda

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Adventure Guide Scandinavia

The author, a resident of Sweden, guides you through his country, as well as Norway and Denmark. Major cities such as Stockholm, Oslo and Copenhagen are explored in depth – all worth visiting year-round, each with a lively culture and amazing nightlife, historic sights, and thousands of restaurants. See the Renaissance castles and Viking ruins; take spectacular driving tours; discover the best cruises; and tour the magnificent countryside. The best places to ski, hike, cycle, canoe and dogsled – all are fully described, with tips on exactly where to go. In Sweden, half the country is forested and there are thousands of lakes. The spectacular fjords of Norway are long, deep and surrounded by mountains. Some 25% of Norway is covered by forest. The author tells you how to see it all. Hundreds of hotel and restaurant choices are offered in all price ranges – from bargain-priced B&Bs to luxury hotels, from casual eateries to the hottest new restaurants, complete with detailed reviews showing what makes each place special. How to meet the people, get involved, so you can experience Scandinavia directly and unforgettably. Loaded with inside information only a native and resident would know.

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A History of Everest

Peak XV:
Mount Everest once went by the pedestrian name of Peak XV among Westerners. That was before surveyors established that it was the highest mountain on Earth, a fact that came as something of a surprise - Peak XV had seemed lost in the crowd of other formidable Himalayan peaks, many of which gave the illusion of greater height.

Everest, Mount:
Everest, Mount, peak, 29,028 ft (8,848 m) high, on the border of Nepal and Tibet, in the central Himalayas lies in Nepal. It is the highest elevation in the world, called Sagarmatha ("Goddess of the Sky") in Nepal and Chomolungma ("Goddess Mother of the World") in Tibet. It is named in English and received its official name in 1865 in honor of Sir George Everest, the British Surveyor General (1790–1866, British surveyor, b. Breconshire, Wales, UK) Worked on the trigonometrically survey in India from 1806 to 1843 who had mapped the Indian subcontinent. He had some reservations about having his name bestowed on the peak, arguing that the mountain should retain its local appellation, the standard policy of geographical societies. He became superintendent of the survey in 1823 and surveyor general of India in 1830. He was knighted in 1861.

It was first climbed on May 29, 1953, when Sir Edmund Hillary from New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay from Nepal reached the summit. The body of George H. L. Mallory, who died in an earlier attempt (1924), was found on the mountain in 1999.

The Great Trigonometrically Survey Arbitrates:
In 1852 the Great Trigonometrically Survey of India measured Everest's elevation as 29,002 feet above sea level. This figure remained the officially accepted height for more than one hundred years. In 1955 Mount Everest was adjusted by a mere 26 feet to 29,028 (8,848 m).

The Andes Muscle In On the Action:
Before the Survey of India, a number of other mountains ranked supreme in the eyes of the world. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Andean peak Chimborazo was considered the highest. At a relatively unremarkable 20,561 feet (6,310 m), it is in fact nowhere near the highest, surpassed by about thirty other Andean peaks and several dozen in the Himalayas. In 1809, the Himalayan peak Dhaulagiri (26,810 ft.; 8,172 m) was declared the ultimate, only to be shunted aside in 1840 by Kanchenjunga (28,208 ft.; 8,598 m), which today ranks third. Everest's status has been unrivaled for the last century-and-a-half, but not without a few threats.

Everest Undergoes a Growth Spurt:
Everest's official height was revised in 1999. On May 5, 1999, a team of nine climbers summited Everest, armed with state-of-the-art satellite measuring devices. Six months later the results of their survey were announced as of Nov. 11, 1999, the new official height of Mt. Everest was announced by the National Geographic Society to be as 29,035 feet (8,850 meters) - six feet or two meters higher than the last official (1955) measurement.

It is remarkable how accurate all the official measurements of Everest have been. Conducted 147 years earlier, the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in 1852 recorded Everest's height at 29,002 feet--a mere 33 feet off the mark.

Of Metrics and Mountains:
The new height was determined by using satellite-based technology: the Trimble Global Positioning System (GPS). A team of seven climbers measured the mountain from the summit on May 5, 1999. The data was collected from various GPS satellite receivers - one of which had to be placed in bedrock - at the very top of Everest. It took the climbers a number of attempts over several years until they were able to successfully set up the equipment at the summit.

The Third Pole:
Once explorers had reached the North and South Poles, the next geographical feat to capture the international imagination was Everest, often called the Third Pole.

Into the Death Zone:
Although not considered one of the most technically challenging mountains to climb (K2 is more difficult), the dangers of Everest include avalanches, crevasses, ferocious winds up to 125 mph, sudden storms, temperatures of 40°F below zero, and oxygen deprivation. In the “death zone”—above 25,000 feet—the air holds only a third as much oxygen as at sea level, heightening the chances of hypothermia, frostbite, high-altitude pulmonary edema (when the lungs fatally fill with fluid) and high-altitude cerebral edema (when the oxygen-starved brain swells up). Even when breathing bottled oxygen, climbers experience extreme fatigue, impaired judgment and coordination, headaches, nausea, double vision, and sometimes hallucinations. Expeditions spend weeks, sometimes months, acclimatizing, and usually attempt Everest only in May and October, avoiding the winter snows and the summer monsoons.

Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Its elevation of 29,035 feet (8,850 meters) was determined using GPS satellite equipment on May 5, 1999. It was previously believed to be slightly lower (29,028 feet /8,848 meters), as determined in 1954 by averaging measurements from various sites around the mountain. The new elevation had confirmed by the National Geographic Society (See the National Geographic Society's Mountain Everest site for more information).

The first seven attempts on Everest, starting with a reconnaissance in 1921, approached the mountain from Tibet, where a route to the summit via the North Col and North Ridge seemed possible. All were unsuccessful. George Mallory, who spearheaded the first three expeditions, lost his life with Andrew Irvine during a failed ascent in 1924. Unsuccessful attempts continued through 1938, then halted during World War II. By the war's end, Tibet had closed its borders, and Nepal, previously inaccessible, had done the opposite. Starting in 1951, expeditions from Nepal grew closer and closer to the summit, via the Khumbu Icefall, the Western Cwm, over the Geneva Spur to the South Col, and up the Southeast Ridge. In 1953 Edmond Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit.

Since the first successful ascent, many other individuals have sought to be the first at various other accomplishments on Everest, including many alternative routes on both the north and south sides. Italy's Reinhold Messner has climbed Everest twice without oxygen, once in four days. He is also the first to solo climb Everest, which he did in 1980. Ten years earlier, Yuichiro Miura of Japan had been the first person to descend the mountain on skis. In 1975, Junko Tabei, also of Japan, was the first woman to climb Everest. The first disabled person to attempt Everest was American Tom Whittaker, who climbed with a prosthetic leg to 24,000 feet in 1989, 28,000 feet in 1995, and finally reached the summit in 1998. The record for most ascents belongs to Sherpa Ang Rita, who has reached the summit ten times.

Overall, more than 600 climbers from 20 countries have climbed to the summit by various routes from both north and south. Climbers' ages have ranged from nineteen years to sixty. At least 100 people have perished, most commonly by avalanches, falls in crevasses, cold, or the effects of thin air.

Both the Nepalese and Chinese governments very strictly regulate climbing on Everest. Permits cost thousands of U.S. dollars ($50,000 for a seven member party in 1996), and are difficult to obtain, and waiting lists extend for years. Treks to Everest base camp, minus the summit attempt, are becoming increasingly popular on both the north and south sides of the mountain. On the north side, a Buddhist monastery stands at the foot of the Rongbuk Glacier, beneath Everest's spectacular north face. The monastery is one of two whose locations were selected specifically to allow religious contemplation of the great peak. The other is the Thyangboche Monastery in Nepal. The once-active Rongbuk monastery in Tibet has required much rejuvenation from the destruction it experienced following China's invasion of Tibet.

Mallory and Irvine:
On June 8, 1924, two members of a British expedition, George Mallory and Andrew Irvine, attempted the summit. Famous for his retort to the press - "because it's there" - when asked why he wanted to climb Everest, Mallory had already failed twice at reaching the summit. The two men were last spotted "going strong" for the top until the clouds perpetually swirling around Everest engulfed them. They then vanished.

Mallory's body was not found for another 75 years, in May 1999. No evidence was found on his body - such as a camera containing photos of the summit, or a diary entry recording their time of arrival at the summit - to clear up the mystery of whether these two Everest pioneers made it to the top before the mountain killed them.

Hillary and Norgay:
Ten more expeditions over a period of thirty years failed to conquer Everest, with 13 losing their lives. Then, on May 29, 1953, Edmund Hillary, a New Zealand beekeeper, and Tenzing Norgay, an acclaimed Sherpa climber, became the first to reach the roof of the world. Their climb was made from the Nepalese side, which had eased its restrictions on foreigners at about the same time that Tibet, invaded in 1950 by China, shut its borders.

World famous overnight, Hillary became a hero of the British empire – the news reached London just in time for Elizabeth II's coronation— and Norgay was touted as a symbol of national pride by Nepal.

Ordained In Hawal'i

Father Damien

On April 15, 1889, a leper patient died in the

Moloka'i settlement with a smile on his face - "like a child going to sleep" as one onlooker described him. He was buried under a pandanus tree, where he had spent his first nights on Moloka'i many years before. He was gone, and the world should have forgotten him, but as it turned out, the whole world was just starting to remember his name and his work.

He was Father Damien de Veuster, S.S.C.C., the Hero of Moloka'i, and his memory has not dimmed but has spread to every continent in the world... What keeps the image of this man so alive and so startling for each new generation of mankind? Gavan Daws, a historian, perhaps explains it best. "Father Damien," he said, "was an ordinary man who made the most extraordinary moral choices again and again and again.

Ordained In Hawal'i

Damien came to Hawal'i as a young deacon, replacing his brother, Pamphile, who had fallen ill after being assigned to the islands. He was ordained & priest in

May, 1864, in the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu and was assigned to the island of Hawai'i, where he worked in the Puna district for many years.

When Bishop Louis Maigret asked for a volunteer to go to Moloka'i to care for the patients in the leper settlement at Kalaupapa, Damien requested to be the one chosen. Bishop Maigret meant to keep him there only a few months, but Damien knew he belonged there for the rest of his life.

Work at Kalaupapa

Much is known about Damien's work in the settlement. He built as many as 2,000 coffins by hand in which to bury lepers. Coming among the lepers he found chaos and suffering and the slow, demoralizing death in sickness and isolation. Going among them, Damien began his work by cleansing their sores and bandaging their wounds. He gathered up the young children he found as well, and eventually he built homes for them so that they could live in peace. Slowly order was restored and the lives of the patients changed forever, Always he continued to build and to arrange new ways to restore the dignity of the patients.

First Signs of Disease

And then, in 1876, Father Damien noticed in himself the first signs of the d@ which had claimed so many before him. He had spent three years on Moloka'i, having arrived there on May 10, 1873, and he knew what would happen to him as the disease Progressed, and yet he showed no reluctance or fear. Only a few knew that he was experiencing the first difficulties, until June 1895, when Damien announced to his patients and to the world that the disease had claimed him.

He lived four more years and continued to work. Someone visiting the settlement in 1888 was stunned to find Father Damien on the roof of the new church, worldng with the masons and carpenters. His people, the patients of the settlement, were at his side, restoring the land, building homes and offices, and living once again as human beings with hope.

Ultimate Sacrifice

He died in 1889, and the story of his life and his death was flashed around the world. With the story came the words which have startled and awed generations since that time. Damien, knowing that he had made the ultimate sacrifice for his own, said:

"Blessed be the Good God! I would not be cured If the price of the cure was that I must leave the island and give up my work. I am perfectly resigned tomy lot. Do not feel sorry for me."

The Japanese in Hawaii'i

Written by Dennis M. Ogawa with Glen Grant.

The saga of the Japanese-American in Hawai'i begins in a period of time enshrouded in the myths and folklore of the ancient Hawaiian people. The legends of these ancient folk, in chant and song, may have begun at a time when Japanese fishermen were washed ashore in these islands after having been driven from their homeland by typhoons. Did the Hawaiian game konane (which resembles checkers) perhaps originate from the similar Japanese game go? Did the Hawaiian staff of royalty, the kahili, derive from a similar Japanese symbol of authority, the daimyo? Was even sugar cane introduced to the Hawaiian islands from Japan? From legend alone, we cannot answer these questions with absolute certainty. But we do know that centuries before the first waves of Japanese immigrants had arrived in Hawai'i in the late 1800's, the great Pacific Ocean had been traversed and two distinct island cultures, each isolated, each evolving separate patterns of lifestyle, had made contact.

The Gannen Mono, or the "first year men", arrived in Hawaii from Yokohama in 1868. They numbered approximately one hundred fifty men and women of diverse background, largely urban dwellers, displaced samurai and an assortment of rogues.

Treatment of Gannen Mono in Hawai'i by certain plantations caused a "distasteful impression" in Japan. Japan, therefore, blocked further migration until the Hawaiian government agreed to protect the laborers. It was not until seventeen years later, in 1885, after extended negotiations, that attempts to rejuvenate Japanese immigration proved successful. In February of that year the steamer City of Tokio brought nearly nine hundred Japanese immigrants to Hawai'i. Mostly young, single males working under three-year binding contracts, they came with the intention of making their fortunes in "Golden Hawai'i" and returning to Japan with status and wealth.

These immigrants were the first of what would become wave after wave of Issei, the first generation. Each Issei group was as anxious as the next to find new wealth in Hawai'i. By 1924 so many Japanese had come to the islands that they constituted over 40% of the population. Working for low wages in the sugar and pineapple fields, day-after-day, year-after-year, hauling, cutting, slashing and burning cane, the Issei gave their muscles, blood and sweat to buttress the great plantation fortunes.

Their lives were contained within the boundaries of their plantation camps. Yet even in the midst of poverty, a sense of community, a sense of pride and permanency began to be articulated. Picture bride marriages were arranged so as to perpetuate the traditional Japanese family. Nesei women, crossing an ocean to meet husbands they had never known, began not only to serve the home and give birth to the Nisei, the second generation, but to work alongside their husbands in the fields.

The early years of the Nisei were a complex period of cultural growth and "finding oneself". At home the second generation learned filial piety, respect for the family and the simple virtues of Japanese behavior, at Japanese language school they learned to speak the language of their parents. And in American public school, from the radio and movies, from other non-Japanese of all races, they learned goals of justice, equality, opportunity and the unique blending of ethnic cultures and pidgin language known as the local lifestyle.

War interrupted the education of the Nisei, as it did I almost all aspects of life in Hawai'i. The Japanese bombs that fell on Pearl Harbor that day in 1941 caused many sacrifices for Japanese-Americans.

Sacrifices are made only with a commitment. After World War 11 the Japanese-American Nisei were committed to provide for themselves and their families a secure, equal place in the island society. The war had wrought unprecedented changes in Hawai'i's political and economic structures and the Nisei sought to capitalize upon those changes. The educational level of the Nisei climbed as returning veterans took advantage of the GI Bill. A growing tourist industry in the post-war years offered jobs and business expansion. Nisei men and women swelled the ranks of professional occupations - doctors, lawyers, dentists, teachers or engineers.

In 1954, the Democratic party, comprised largely of Nisei politicians, took control of both Houses of the Territorial Legislature. From then until the present, the Nisei would play a major political role in the emergence of a modem Hawai'i responsive to ethnic ambitions for all people.

Political success is in many ways the symbolic culmination of the Japanese American saga - of the Imi's plantation experience, the wartime sacrifices, and the post-war striving for acceptance and success by the Nisei. But the Japanese American drama has not been totally played out The Sansei and Yonsei, the third and fourth generations, are beginning their own chapter of the Japanese-American story. They stand at the precipice of history, realizing that past accomplishments and cultural pride can sustain but cannot guide a generation. They search for new meanings and new values beyond their ethnic background, realizing that their human values and outlooks are being blended into an evolving multicultural Hawai'i lifestyle.

Italians in Hawaii

Written by Irma Scenna.

To speak the word Italian is to conjure images - images that coalesce, forming a collage of appealing sensations. delighting our senses. And it is delight whether from present-day experiences with Italian cuisine or from awareness and appreciation of the Italian contribution to human achievement on the timeline of history.

For Hawai'i, that contribution is made more immediate by both past and present ltalian/Hawaiian inter-minglings, and although Italians have never been numerous in Hawai'i, some visiting but briefly, others have come to stay.

Among the first Italians to visit Hawai'i was Paolo Emilio Botta, who came in 1828 aboard the French ship Heros for a two month stay. The son of Carlo Botta. an Italian author, Paolo Botta's observations of sympathetic interest regarding Hawai'i were included by his father in the 1841 Italian edition of a book recounting his voyage to and experiences in Hawai'i.

Some years later, Captain John Dominis, an American of Italian ancestry, sailed into Honolulu, bringing with him his New England wife and small son. An affluent sea-captain, Dominis built the finest residence in Honolulu. but on a voyage to China in 1846 to obtain furniture for his home, he disappeared at sea. His son John Owen Dominis grew up in the elegant home his father had built and took his bride, Princess Lili'uokalani, there to live. It was her personal home for the rest of her life. and after her death it was purchased by the Territory of Hawai'i as the governor's mansion.

The home still contains many articles associated with Lili'uokalani and the Dominis family. Located on Beretania Street near the Capitol and E'lolani Palace, it bears the name of Washington Place.

John Owen Dominis, a businessman of prominence, received King Kalakaua's appointment as governor of the island of 0'ahu, and then, upon his wife's ascension to the throne, became Prince Consort of the Kingdom of Hawai'i. He was a quiet man, living comfortably in the shadow of his royal wife, who relied heavily upon his vase counsel. He is one of the few non-Hawaiians to be buried in the Royal Mausoleum in Nu'uanu Valley.

In the 20th Century, Italians in Hawai'i have continued their traditional contributions to the varied pleasures of their fellows. A fledgling business in Hawai'i in 1913 affected by the Italian genius of Henry Ginaca was the pineapple industry. Ginaca, company engineer for The Hawaiian Pineapple Company, invented a machine for peeling and coring the pineapple, thus facilitating the canning process, and making that delicious fruit not only a wonderful source of trade and revenue to the Hawaiian people but a gift to the world in general.

Adding that special Italian touch of hospitality offered to tourist guests of Hawai'i, Arthur Benagha, brought here from Milan in 1927, became managing director of the Territorial Hotels Co., in charge of the Royal Hawaiian, the Moana and the Seaside Hote Is, and the Wai'alae Golf Club.

Another Italian, Domenico Moro, bom in Sicily, was leader of the Royal Hawaiian Band from 1941 to 1955, gladdening the hearts and ears of music lovers in Hawai'i.

That "Italiana" is here is obvious to one waiting through Hawai'i avenues lined with tempting eating places. Dozens of pizza parfors and spaghetti houses, large and small, waft spicy aromas on Hawaiian b reezes. while gourmet Italian restaurants of worldwide fame do a thriving business pleasing discriminating tastebuds. And those discerning people who search beneath the-observable surface discover other images of ltaliana also thriving. Permeating and enriching all strata of this Hawaiian fife-style, the vivifying Italian spirit continues to impart the good and the beautiful to us all.

The Irish in Hawai'i

Written by James O'Toole.

Probably there were Irish aboard Captain Cook's ;hips and other British vessels which arrived in the early days. Some of the sailors who left the ships from time to time and settled here may have been Irish but no exact records were kept.

There's a hula about an Irish-Hawaiian, named Lola O"Brien. There are lots of residents in the islands who :an claim to be Irish-Hawaiians.

Most visitors to Hawai'i know Lewers Street, one of he few streets in Waikiki with a non-Hawaiian name. Previously, it was known as Lewers Road. It led from Alakaua Avenue to the estate of Robert Lewers, where the Halekolani Hotel now stands. Lewers and Cooke, a large building supply house, remains as only reminder of Mr. Lewers' extensive business interests.

Visitors may also hear of the Campbell Estate, one of the largest landowners in Hawai'i. Born in Londonderry, the Scotch-Irish James Campbell came to Hawai'i in 1849, went into sugar raising, bored some of the first artesian wells, and acquired vast lands beyond Pearl Harbor and elsewhere. He married a Maui chiefess.

There were Irish in prominent positions aboard many of the early British exploring ships.

Coming here later were George Lucas, who established the Honolulu Planing MD (as well as a prominent family); Francis Hits Swanzy from Dublin, who headed Theo. H. Davies and Company; and John A. Hughes, manager of the Oahu Railway and Land Co. and a Honolulu supervisor.

Two of the best known were identical twins - Jim and Will Mclnerny, who were real look-alikes. Their father, Michael McInerny, came here with his four children and established a retail firm known as M. McInerny, Ltd. more than 100 years ago. His stores long dominated two of the main comers in downtown Honolulu. Will grew up to manage the shoe store at Fort and King Streets, and Jim was in charge of the men's and women's ready-to-wear store at Fort and Merchant Streets. Both of "the twins", as Honolulu knew them, were active in many civic affairs. Will was a prominent territorial senator Jim, as head of the city planning commission, helped to direct Honolulu's growth. Neither ever married, and they were popular bachelors in Honolulu society circles.

A later manager of the stores was Lawson H. Riley, American-born but with an Irish name. Now at 86, he is still associated with the company.

The Mcinerny stores are long gone from their downtown comers, but are to be found in the Royal Hawaiian Shopping Center on Kalakaua Avenue, at Hilton Hawaiian Village, at Ala Moana Shopping Center, Kahala Mail and numerous other places around the islands.

With an Irish name, but born in America, is Roy C. Kelley, who pioneered the concept of fancily hotel rooms for the cost-conscious traveler coming to Hawai'l. He was born in Highland, California, and received an architectural degree at the University of Southern California. Arriving in Hawai'i in 1929, he and his wife Estelle built their first apartment building three years later. This venture culminated in a multi-million dollar family operation of 15 hotels with over 5,000 rooms.

The Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick are active in Hawai'i and Irishmen and Irishmen-at-heart march in a lively parade in Honolulu every Saint Patrick's Day to help keep alive the memory of the Irish people and their valuable contributions to this Land of Aloha.

Germans in Hawaii

Written by Niklaus R. Schweizer

The German presence in the Hawaiian islands is a long and venerable one. Aboard Captain Cook's ships there were already three Germans and a Swiss when 0'ahu and later Kaua'i appeared on the horizon on January 17, 1778, and the first Europeans to land officially in the most isolated archipelago in the world stepped ashore at Waimea, Kaua'i, two days later. The Germans were sailors; the Swiss was no other than the famous painter and draftsman John Webber, spelled Johann Waber in his native Beme, who with his excellent illustrations and paintings introduced Hawai'i pictorially to Europe and America.

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the intellectuals in Germany looked at the far-flung Pacific islands with great curiosity and profound interest There, under a tropical sun, they hoped to find a kind of earthly paradise, a latter-day Garden of Eden blessed with abundance, a benign climate and friendly inhabitants. The poets Goethe, Schiller and Chamisso, the philosopher Immanuel Kant, and other luminaries all discussed the Pacific intensively and wrote about this wondrous world. Cham'@, who had visited Hawai'i aboard the Russian brig Rurik towards the end of the reign of Kamehameha the Great described vividly the meaning of aloha, or "arocha" as he heard it found moving words for the "huffahurra" and wrote the first grammar of the Hawaiian language, in German of course, published in Leipzig in 1837.

Thus sprang up a kind of South Sea romanticism which in many forms has persisted in German-speaking Europe to this day. "Hawal'i" in particular has proved to be a magic word, manifested in the ever increasing numbers of German, Austrian and Swiss tourists flocking to the islands.

The Germans did not arrive only as explorers; they also came to settle in Hawai'i. In the 1850's there were a number of flourishing German firms in the area bordered by Merchant and Bethel Streets in the center of Honolulu. The leading enterprise was H. Hackfeld & Co., named after its founder Heinrich Hackfeld, originally a sea captain on the Hamburg to Canton run, who parlayed his original wares valued at $8,394.50 in 1849 into the largest firm in all Hawai'i. Under the name of Amfac, Inc., Hackfeld's creation is still the biggest of the "Big Five". Its subsidiary, Liberty House, was once called "B. F. Ehlers", after Hackfeld's nephew.

In government the Germans played a role as well. Hermann Widemann was minister of the interior under King Kaltikaua and minister of finances under Queen Lfli'uokalani; Paul Neumann held the position of atterney general; Henry Bertelmann was a major attached to the personal staff of the queen; and other Germans held equally exalted positions. Germans also represented a number of European nations diplomatically, in the capacity of consuls.

The German influence in nineteenth century Hawai'i was so strong that Kalakaua often appeared in the uniform of a German cavalry general, and his palace guards wore essentially Prussian tunics tailored by Paul Lemke, who had arrived in Hawai'i from Soldin near Berlin in 1877. The national anthem, "Hawai'i Ponoi", now the state song, was derived from the Prussian anthem "Hefl Dir im Siegerkranz", rearranged by Heinrich Berger of Potsdam, bandleader of the famous Royal Hawaiian Band. The bands were composed by King Kalakaua.

The Germans were also noteworthy because they were the only sugar planters to bring in laborers from their own nation. Particularly on Kaua'i some 1400 Germans eventually toiled in the fields, the first contingent having arrived on the ship Ceder on June 18, 1881.

In Lihu'e there was an excellent school for their children where both German and English were used in class. The Germans also organized their own church, of the Lutheran denomination, in Lihu'e and in Honolulu.

World War I proved catastrophic for the Germans in Hawai'i who with the entry of the United States into the war, had become enemy aliens overnight Many left for the mainland, others stayed but often anglicized their names. Today, however, their valuable contributions are again remembered and their descendants and other Germans, Austrians and Swiss who arrived in recent years play once more an important role in the Land of Aloha.

English in Hawai'i

By Gwentread E. Allen.

England played the dominant role in Hawaiian history for more than half a century after the English explorer. Captain James Cook. discovered the islands in 1778 for the Western world.

Twice the British flag flew over Hawai'i. in addition to the times when Kamehameha I flew it without significance but simply because he liked it and had no flag of his own.

Captain Cook landed at Waimea, Kaua'i. in 1778 and touched the Big island of Hawai'i twice in the following year before he was killed at Kealakekua Bay. After him, numerous explorers, traders and British men-of-war visited the islands, notable among them Captain-George Vancouver, who had been a young midshipman aboard one of Cook's ships. Vancouver introduced cattle, sheep. goats and oranges to Hawai'i.

Kamehameha I yielded the islands to Vancouver. Vancouver's men briefly flew the British flag at the place of Captain Cook's death. But Great Britain, involved in troubles with the American colonies and conceded over the French Revolution, did nothing either time to follow up ownership of these seemingly insignificant islands in the remote Pacific.

A number of British sailors had settled in Hawai'i. Notable were John Young and Isaac Davis, who married Hawaiian chiefesses, became advisors to the king, and wielded great influence in the early commercial and economic growth of the islands. Another who became prominent was Captain Andrew Adams, Honolulu's first harbor pilot.

In the 1840's. Richard Charlton, British consul, became embroiled with the Hawaiian government in a land dispute. In 1843 Lord George Paulet, sent to investigate, threatened to fire upon Honolulu if various demands were not met. Kamehameha III provisionally yielded the islands to England pending decisions by authorities in London.

Again. the British flag waved over Honolulu. It was three months before Rear Admiral Richard Thomas arrived, repudiated Paulet's actions and restored Hawai'i's independence. There was a ceremony on the plains outside Honolulu town (today the area, between the Honolulu Academy of Arts and Blaisdell Center, is known as Thomas Square). The ceremony was followed by a service of thanksgiving at Kawaiaha'o Church. In his talk at the church, Kamehameha III uttered the words, "Ua mau ke ea o ka 'ciina i ka pono" (The life of the land is preserved in righteousness), which became the motto of the kingdom's republic, territory and state.

Over the years, many Englishmen who came here to live played important roles in business and government. Theophilus H. Davies arrived in 1836 and established the large company which bears his name. John Wilkinson was one of the first to grow sugar cane and coffee. and Captain John Kidwell imported the first cayenne pineapple. The list could go on and on.

Princess Ka'iulani, heiress to the throne at the time of the overthrow of the monarchy, was sent to England for an education. She attended Harrowden Hall in Northhamptonshire and a finishing school in Brighton.

In the days when tourists to Hawai'i were few, a number of prominent English personalities came. In 1866, the Duke of Edinburgh. son of Queen Victoria. visited here and was lavishly entertained by the king and chiefs. In 1920, the Prince of Wales (later the Duke of Windsor) was in the islands. And within the last half century other members of the British royal family visited Hawai'i.

In 1981 Honolulu's mayor with a group of Hawaiians made a goodwill visit to London as a means of promoting the 200 year old tradition of cultural exchange that has continued between Britain and Hawai'i since the days of Cook.

The Chinese in Hawai'i

Written by Clarence Glick.

Adventurous and enterprising Chinese were in Hawai'i not long after Captain Cook, the first non-Polynesian discoverer, arrived in 1778. Soon after news of Cook's discovery reached England, British ships with Chinese crewmen aboard called at Hawaiian ports. It is thus quite probable that the practice of crewmen jumping ship accounts for the earliest of Hawai'i's Chinese residents. However, it was a new supply of sandalwood reaching the Canton market in the early 1800's that really brought Hawai'i to the attention of South China. Because the sandalwood came from the islands, Hawai'i was called Tan Heung Shan, Sandalwood Mountains, a name used by

Chinese in Hawai'i to this day.

Between 1800 and 1850, a few score Chinese came independently from South China. They ventured overseas in defiance of an imperial edict, later rescinded, which forbade Chinese to leave China under threat of execution upon return. The most successful of these pioneers became sugar planters and traders in the main port towns - Honolulu, Lahaina and Hilo. None of them brought Chinese wives@ most of them established Chinese-Hawaiian families and spent the rest of their lives in Hawai'i.

The largest number of Chinese immigrants, some 46,000, came to Hawai'i between 1850 and annexation of Hawai'i to the United States in 1898, most of them after 1875. Nearly all the Chinese immigrants came to Hawai'i as landless villagers, thinking they would stay only long enough to make the fortune they wanted to take back home. Over half of the preAnnexation immigrants ultimately went back to live in China permanently.

Several thousand immigrants gradually changed from temporary sojourners to permanent settlers Among them were some who had married or established common-law marriages with Hawaiian women, becoming ancestors of the large and proud Chinese Hawaiian element in today's part-Hawaiian population.

Young Chinese - especially the boys at first - were drawn into mission schools and later into the un-segregated public schools. Because of excellent employment opportunities in Hawai'i, as well as the high value placed by Chinese on education (even though most immigrants had little formal schooling), Chinese parents encouraged their sons to get as much education as possible. And they abandoned their traditional indifference and even opposition to the schooling of daughters on seeing that professional employment, especially as school teachers, was open to women. Many Hawai'i-bom Chinese were sent to the United

States mainland for professional training before it was available in the islands, and hundreds of Hawai'i-born Chinese still go to mainland universities for undergraduate or graduate education each year.

This strong emphasis on education has resulted in a highly favorable position for Chinese men and women in Hawai'i. Nearly three-fourths of them are employed in higher-lever jobs - skilled. clerical and sales, proprietary and managerial, and professional. As a result, the Chinese enjoy the highest median of income of all ethnic groups in Hawai'i.

The favorable conditions in Hawai'i led to a remarkable geographical redistribution of the Chinese in the islands. In 1890 most of the Chinese, predominantly Chinese born, worked in rural jobs. However, by 1950 most of the Chinese men, predominantly island-born, were employed in Honolulu alone. At present, ninety-five percent of all Chinese live in Honolulu and other urbanized areas of 0'ahu. They have become by far the most highly concentrated ethnic group in Hawai'i.

Although it is commonly thought that the present day Chinese in Hawai'i are descendants of sugar plantation contract laborers, this is something of a misconception. A larger proportion of island-born Chinese families almost surely sprang from rice plantation entrepreneurs. independent farmers, craftsmen, merchants, and a few professional men who found Hawai'i a pleasant land of opportunity and made it home for themselves and their descendants, many of whom are now fourth. fifth, and even sixth generation island-born.

Thus, the Chinese in Hawai'i, while secure in their position as partners and leaders in the islands' multi-ethnic society, also look back to their ancient culture and traditions with pride and satisfaction.

Hawaiian's

Written by Larry L. Kimura.From the perspective of the Polynesians there were no other people in their vast home as they traversed the thousands of miles of the Pacific Ocean and its island worlds. There were just them and their islands like a galaxy of stars in a blue cosmos of a great ocean.

Today we recognize the Hawaiian as a part of the Polynesian race, extending all the way to New Zealand in the southwest, to Easter Island in the southeast, and to Hawai'i north of the equator, forming the expansive triangular area of Polynesia. The first Polynesians migrated from Southeast Asia as a seafaring people, who spread over an area of the globe larger than that covered by any other people until the 18th and 19th centuries, when Europeans began exploring various parts of the then known world.

Hawaiian tradition tells us the gods themselves gave birth to the Hawaiian islands and that the first man to dwell on them came also from the gods. The stories of the volcano goddess Pele tell of Pele's creating these volcanic islands as they are today. Another account speaks of the evolution of life in Hawai'i from the smallest coral polyp to man himself. And so, according to Hawaiian mythology, the arrival of man voyaging over the open ocean to Hawai'i occurred after the Hawaiian people and islands had already been created.

According to archeologists, the earliest settlers who sailed to Hawai'i on their seaworthy double canoes are believed to have come from the Marquesas Islands of Eastern Polynesia. They arrived between 500 and 800 A.D. The energy of human life proclaimed itself in an archipelago which, according to geologists, had been created millions of years ago, lying virtually isolated, over 2,000 miles away from the nearest continent and about 500 miles away from any other island groups. These people found a land quietly awaiting them in all its pristine beauty. Later fleets of canoes brought more people from the Society Islands, and the maritime skills of the Polynesians proved again to be unsurpassed by any other people of that time.

The first people who came to Hawai'i brought with them knowledge accumulated over thousands of years of settlement on islands stretched across the largest mass of water on the face of the earth, untouched and unspoiled by any other humans before them. They understood their pure and fragile surroundings and knew well that human posterity would depend on the well being of this environment. And so the Hawaiians found life in coexisting with Nature, always acknowledging and ready to complement her. Theirs was the privilege of giving the first breath of human life to this land we know as Hawai'i.

The Hawaiian culture thrived in virtual isolation from disease and pests, maintaining and expressing itself dynamically in a purely oral language. Every Hawaiian wind and rain, cloud and sea, plant and animal, had a name and its rightful and purposeful place in human existence. The Hawaiian mind was in tune with and sensitive to its own world, but, as proven in recent history, tragically susceptible to the onslaught of the outside world, blow by blow, beginning with foreign diseases which devastated the native population and decreased it from 300,000 in the early years of first Western contact in 1778 to less than 50,000 some 95 years later.

The traditional religion gave way to the zealous teaching of Christian missionaries. Enterprising Western capitalists permeated the chiefly Hawaiian ruling system

The traditional religion gave way to the zealous teaching of Christian missionaries. Enterprising Western capitalists permeated the chiefly Hawaiian ruling system to insure the success of their investments. The culture that once stood alone was now being rapidly changed from the invasion of foreign ways to the last of tragic infringements, that being the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchial system of government by American business interests, the Queen herself being imprisoned. And since the legality of this overthrow has yet to be addressed, many Hawaiians view what has happened as the imposition of American governments from Provisional to Republic, from Republic to Territorial, and finally from Territorial to Statehood in 1959.

Impositions and all their ramifications upon the Hawaiian host have always been accepted and handled in a most gracious and trusting manner. This custom of the Hawaiian host we know so well today as the Aloha Spirit. But we witness the , or breath of life first breathed by their 'ancestors upon this land, as endangered and on the verge of extinction, along with so many forms of life to be found only in Hawaii. Engulfed in a new sea, the Hawaiian now sets sail, on the merits of his rich Polynesian heritage and with new leaning, on a journey for the preservation of his life.

Afganistan

Afghanistan, (which literally means Land of the Afghan) is a mountainous land-locked country located in Central Asia. It has a history and culture that goes back over 5000 years. Throughout its long, splendid, and sometimes chaotic history, this area of the world has been known by various names. In ancient times, its inhabitants called the land Aryana. In the medieval era, it was called Khorasan, and in modern times, its people have decided to call it Afghanistan. The exact population of Afghanistan is unknown, however, it is estimated to be somewhere close to 32 million.

Afghanistan is a heterogeneous nation, in which there are four major ethnic groups: Pashtoons, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks. Numerous other minor ethnic groups (Nuristanis, Baluchis, Turkmens, etc.) also call Afghanistan their home. While the majority of Afghans (99%) belong to the Islamic faith, there are also small pockets of Sikhs, Hindus and even some Jews. The official languages of the country are Pashto and Dari (Afghan Persian aka Farsi). The capital of Afghanistan is Kabul, which throughout history, was admired by many great figures, such as the great Central Asian conqueror, Zahirudeen Babur. Unfortunately, due to many years of war, this great city has been shattered and nearly destroyed.

Today, Afghanistan is on a road to recovery, however, after decades of war, the economy is still in ruins, and its environment is in a state of crises. After pushing the date back twice, Afghanistan's presidential elections were finally held on October 9, 2004. Over 8 million Afghans voted in the elections. The Joint Electoral Management Body of Afghanistan certified the elections on November 3rd, and declared Hamid Karzai, the interim President, the winner with 55.4% of the votes. Karzai's strongest challenger, Yunis Qanooni, came in second with 16.3% of the votes.

With help from the United States and the United Nations, Afghanistan adopted its new constitution, establishing the country as an Islamic Republic, in early January 2004. According to the constitution, the Afghan government consists of a powerful and popularly elected President, two Vice Presidents, and a National Assembly consisting of two Houses: the House of People (Wolesi Jirga), and the House of Elders (Meshrano Jirga). There is also an independent Judiciary branch consisting of the Supreme Court (Stera Mahkama), High Courts and Appeal Courts. The President appoints the members of the Supreme Court with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga. Assembly elections were held in late 2005.

by Abdullah Qazi

Kuta, Bali

Many tourist representations of Bali invoke an image of paradise. They want you to picture yourself as surfer Leonard Luevas describes:

“comfortably ensconced in a place where smiling locals meditate and pursue their timeless and mystical ways and where resident and visiting surfers spend much of their time riding flawless waves and living in a hedonistic life that other surfers can only dream about.”

The bombing in Kuta gutted this myth but Bali’s precious culture had already been screwed by tourism long before the blast.

For approximately forty years, Bali was reasonably “off the beaten path”; frequented by anthropologists, adventure seekers and freaks searching out their little corner of Paradise. The West’s discovery of Balinese surf breaks in the 1960’s ensured the island’s culture would be forever changed, however. Surfers, bohemian honeymooners, budget travelers and (the final kiss of death) the Lonely Planet all arrived. Resorts were constructed, skyscrapers erected and before anyone knew it, Bali became a tourist hotspot with barely a shred of its own culture surviving. Bali became like what Cancun, Mexico is to Americans – a resort with a mirage of foreign culture.

Many Balinese have relocated to new neighborhoods in urban tourist centers and lost touch with their traditional customs and everyday village life. With the influx of tourism the indigenous Balinese forgot their usual way of life to sell souvenirs, prostitute their identity and indulge the tourist fantasy of life on a tropical island. An amusing example of this phenomenon occurred during President Ronald Reagan’s 1986 visit; he was treated to a performance of a kecak dance, considered to be symbolic of Bali, in his honor. The kecak dance performed was actually created by German artist Walter Spies and some Balinese dancers in the 1930s.

The incline of tourists in Bali drew to an abrupt halt on October 12, 2002. In the early hours of the morning, a member of a Javanese Islamic fundamentalist group entered Paddy’s Bar on the crowded Jalan Legion. The bar was packed with partygoers and holidaymakers. He walked to the middle of the dance floor and detonated the explosives taped to his chest, causing a mass stampede for the exit.

Parked just outside though was a van loaded with explosives which detonated 30 seconds afterwards. The carnage was devastating. The blast decimated the nearby bars killing 203 people, almost all of them tourists. Fundamentalist Muslims with links to al-Qaida had targeted the busy Kuta Beach street because of its high concentration of Western tourists.

The aftermath of the “Bali Bomb” saw an immense economic shift on the island where tourism counted for 79% of its total income. News of the bomb splashed across the front pages of every newspaper in the World. The British, American, and Canadian Governments issued travel advisories warning its citizens not to travel to Bali or anywhere else in Indonesia. Even the Aussies were afraid to return for months afterwards.

However, even prior to the bombing Bali experienced a double-edged representation. The October 2001 edition of Lonely Planet’s South East Asia on a Shoestring describes Bali as “both a tropical paradise and an example of the destructive effects of tourism.” On Lonely Planet’s website, we learn that “Bali is so picturesque that you could be fooled into thinking it was a painted backdrop…But the paradise gloss has been manufactured and polished by the international tourist industry rather than by the Balinese themselves…and it pays scant regard to the political and economic reality of life on Bali.”

Even Fodors, a guidebook publisher typically orientated towards first class tourists refrains from writing an overview of Bali in the usual romantic fashion. “The beautiful beaches…are thick with resort development.” After the bombing the Balinese suffered enormously as tourism fell off. Many people were reduced to living off of less than $1 a day. The people had become dependent on tourism and the whole island assumed a gloomy air.

To make matters worse on February 1st, 2003, the Indonesian government put new regulations concerning travel visas into effect. In the past a traveler was granted a free sixty-day visa on arrival -It was changed to a thirty-day visa on arrival with a fee of twenty dollars. The Indonesian government presumably placed these new visa sanctions into effect in order to both line their pockets and discourage ‘low class travelers’. What the Indonesian government seemingly failed to recognize (or care about) is that budget tourists stay for longer periods of time, end up spending more money and support local businesses.

kute bali garbage The environmental implications of reduced tourism are becoming clear, particularly in the tourist Mecca of Kuta Beach. Although there are less tourists now than usual, there are still enough drunken surfers and Australian college kids to create a huge mess. But now, thanks to the bombing, garbage cans in densely populated public places have been banned as potential hiding places for bombs.

Revenue from tourism would eventually paid for a proper waste disposal system but in light of the recent recession plans have been put on hold. As it stands, locals in Kuta empty their garbage into a river that spills its contents out into the Indian Ocean during high tide. Then, the swells on Kuta Beach, Bali’s only sand bottom surf break, deposit all the garbage onto the beach. This, the most popular spot for beginning surfers, sometimes resembles a cesspool.

Bali is sold as a surf Mecca and hedonistic party for young holiday makers. In fact it is a ruined Eden. An island bloated by over development and over promotion. One feels that even had it not been for the bombing Bali may well have gone the way of Acapulco and ended up a sleazy, forgotten resort. A search for “Bali” and “Travel” on Yahoo brings a website called www.bali-paradise.com. It had a counter that kept repeating a message that seems to sum up Bali’s plight: “Bali has too much to offer to be forgotten, please continue to support Bali!”

Maybe Bali would be better off left to its own devices. Tragedy and hard times have fallen onto the island. Westerners have loved her and left her feeling cheap and used.

Perlis, Malaysia

Although small in size, Perlis is not without its attractions, foremost among which is its serene unspoilt beauty, rustic rural scenes and vast padi fields. Even the state capital is bordered by an expanse of verdant padi fields, making the landscape appear like a huge color-field of brilliant green or gold, depending on the season.

LOCATION

Perlis, the smallest state in Malaysia, lies at the northwestern extremity of the Malay Peninsula; its western coastline borders the Straits of Malacca. Bounded by Thailand in the north, and by Kedah to the east and south, it measures approximately 759 sq. km and has a population of 175,000. Kangar is the seat of the State Government.

History

Perlis was once a part of Kedah which the Thais conquered in 1821. When Kedah was finally returned to the Sultan of Kedah, Perlis was separated from it and was established as a vassal State in its own right. The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 transferred Thai sovereignty over Perlis to the British, however, the Japanese 'returned' Perlis to Thailand during the Japanese Occupation in Malaysia. After the Japanese surrendered, Perlis once again came under British protection until Perlis and the rest of Peninsular Malaysia gained independence together under the name 'Federation of Malaya' in 1957.

Economy

The economic activity of Perlis is dominated by agriculture, forestry and fishing. Agriculture rules in term of land use, manpower and growth domestic product (GDP). The main produces are paddy, sugar cane, rubber, mango, watermelon and teakwood. It contributed 32.2% to the State's GDP in 1995.

Another major contributor to the State's GDP is manufacturing. Compared to other economic sectors, it is projected that manufacturing will reach a GDP growth rate of 11% for the year 1995-2000.

In realising this goal, the State has embarked on the development of medium-scale industrial and manufacturing activities. Besides a sugar refinery in Chuping and a cement factory at Bukit Keteri in Jejawi, industrial parks completed with infrastructure in Kuala Perlis, Sungai Chuchoh and Guar Nangka were created to facilitate this rapid growth.

Within the period of 1985 to December 1995, a total of 59 investment projects, of which 22% represents foreign investments, were approved. The projects include manufacturing of plastic products, electrical and electronics products, scientific equipment, non-metallic products, textiles and fabricated metal products.

Geography

Perlis is the smallest and northern most State in the Peninsular Malaysia. The State is bounded on the north by Satun in Thailand, the east and south by Kedah and on the west by the Straits of Malacca. Measuring only 810 sq km, a large portion of the state lies well below 61 metres while land in excess of 152 metres is found further north near the Thai border. Perlis's highest point is Gunung China (721 metres).

Climate

On the whole, Perlis's climate is tropical monsoon. The temperature is relatively uniform within the range of 21°C to 32°C throughout the year. During the months of January to April, the weather is generally dry and warm. Humidity is consistently high on the lowlands ranging between 82% to 86% per annum. The average rainfall per year is 2,032 mm to 2,540 mm and the wettest months are from May to December.

Borobudur

This famous Buddhist temple, dating from the 8th and 9th centuries, is located in central Java. It was built in three tiers: a pyramidal base with five concentric square terraces, the trunk of a cone with three circular platforms and, at the top, a monumental stupa. The walls and balustrades are decorated with fine low reliefs, covering a total surface area of 2,500 m². Around the circular platforms are 72 openwork stupas, each containing a statue of the Buddha. The monument was restored with UNESCO's help in the 1970s.

Siapa tak kenal Candi Borobudur? Candi Budha ini memiliki 1460 relief dan 504 stupa Budha di kompleksnya. Jutaan orang mendamba untuk mengunjungi bangunan yang termasuk dalam World Wonder Heritages ini. Tak mengherankan, sebab secara arsitektural maupun fungsinya sebagai tempat ibadah, Borobudur memang memikat hati.

Borobudur dibangun oleh Raja Samaratungga, salah satu raja kerajaan Mataram Kuno, keturunan Wangsa Syailendra. Berdasarkan prasasti Kayumwungan, seorang Indonesia bernama Hudaya Kandahjaya mengungkapkan bahwa Borobudur adalah sebuah tempat ibadah yang selesai dibangun 26 Mei 824, hampir seratus tahun sejak masa awal dibangun. Nama Borobudur sendiri menurut beberapa orang berarti sebuah gunung yang berteras-teras (budhara), sementara beberapa yang lain mengatakan Borobudur berarti biara yang terletak di tempat tinggi.

Bangunan Borobudur berbentuk punden berundak terdiri dari 10 tingkat. Tingginya 42 meter sebelum direnovasi dan 34,5 meter setelah direnovasi karena tingkat paling bawah digunakan sebagai penahan. Enam tingkat paling bawah berbentuk bujur sangkar dan tiga tingkat di atasnya berbentuk lingkaran dan satu tingkat tertinggi yang berupa stupa Budha yang menghadap ke arah barat. Setiap tingkatan melambangkan tahapan kehidupan manusia. Sesuai mahzab Budha Mahayana, setiap orang yang ingin mencapai tingkat sebagai Budha mesti melalui setiap tingkatan kehidupan tersebut.

Bagian dasar Borobudur, disebut Kamadhatu, melambangkan manusia yang masih terikat nafsu. Empat tingkat di atasnya disebut Rupadhatu melambangkan manusia yang telah dapat membebaskan diri dari nafsu namun masih terikat rupa dan bentuk. Pada tingkat tersebut, patung Budha diletakkan terbuka. Sementara, tiga tingkat di atasnya dimana Budha diletakkan di dalam stupa yang berlubang-lubang disebut Arupadhatu, melambangkan manusia yang telah terbebas dari nafsu, rupa, dan bentuk. Bagian paling atas yang disebut Arupa melambangkan nirwana, tempat Budha bersemayam.

Setiap tingkatan memiliki relief-relief indah yang menunjukkan betapa mahir pembuatnya. Relief itu akan terbaca secara runtut bila anda berjalan searah jarum jam (arah kiri dari pintu masuk candi). Pada reliefnya Borobudur bercerita tentang suatu kisah yang sangat melegenda, yaitu Ramayana. Selain itu, terdapat pula relief yang menggambarkan kondisi masyarakat saat itu. Misalnya, relief tentang aktivitas petani yang mencerminkan tentang kemajuan sistem pertanian saat itu dan relief kapal layar merupakan representasi dari kemajuan pelayaran yang waktu itu berpusat di Bergotta (Semarang).

Keseluruhan relief yang ada di candi Borobudur mencerminkan ajaran sang Budha. Karenanya, candi ini dapat dijadikan media edukasi bagi orang-orang yang ingin mempelajari ajaran Budha. YogYES mengajak anda untuk mengelilingi setiap lorong-lorong sempit di Borobudur agar dapat mengerti filosofi agama Budha. Atisha, seorang budhis asal India pada abad ke 10, pernah berkunjung ke candi yang dibangun 3 abad sebelum Angkor Wat di Kamboja dan 4 abad sebelum Katedral Agung di Eropa ini.

Berkat mengunjungi Borobudur dan berbekal naskah ajaran Budha dari Serlingpa (salah satu raja Kerajaan Sriwijaya), Atisha mampu mengembangkan ajaran Budha. Ia menjadi kepala biara Vikramasila dan mengajari orang Tibet tentang cara mempraktekkan Dharma. Enam naskah dari Serlingpa pun diringkas menjadi sebuah inti ajaran disebut "The Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment" atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Bodhipathapradipa.

Salah satu pertanyaan yang kini belum terjawab tentang Borobudur adalah bagaimana kondisi sekitar candi ketika dibangun dan mengapa candi itu ditemukan dalam keadaan terkubur. Beberapa mengatakan Borobudur awalnya berdiri dikitari rawa kemudian terpendam karena letusan Merapi. Dasarnya adalah prasasti Kalkutta bertuliskan 'Amawa' berarti lautan susu. Kata itu yang kemudian diartikan sebagai lahar Merapi. Beberapa yang lain mengatakan Borobudur tertimbun lahar dingin Merapi.

Dengan segala kehebatan dan misteri yang ada, wajar bila banyak orang dari segala penjru dunia memasukkan Borobudur sebagai tempat yang harus dikunjungi dalam hidupnya. Selain menikmati candinya, anda juga bisa berkeliling ke desa-desa sekitar Borobudur, seperti Karanganyar dan Wanurejo untuk melihat aktivitas warga membuat kerajinan. Anda juga bisa pergi ke puncak watu Kendil untuk dapat memandang panorama Borobudur dari atas. Tunggu apa lagi? Tak perlu khawatir gempa 27 Mei 2006, karena Borobudur tidak terkena dampaknya sama sekali.

Legendary Tangkuban Perahu

Located in Lembang, this place is only within 30 minutes drive from Bandung (when the traffic is light). Tangkuban Prahu is actually a volcanic mountain. The shape resembles an upturned boat, hence, the name. (Tangkuban Prahu in Sundanese means, more or less, upturned boat) There is a legend involved in the creation of this mountain.

It is said that long time ago, there was a couple very much in love. They had a son called Sangkuriang. For some reason, the husband couldn’t walk around in his true form, so he was forced to assume the form of a dog. Sangkuriang loved the dog very much. One day, Dayang Sumbi, Sangkuriang’s mother, felt like eating a deer’s heart. Sangkuriang tried to hunt for a deer, in vain. In desperation, he killed the dog and took the dog’s heart to his mother. Dayang Sumbi, finally realizing that the dog had died, became extremely angry. He hit Sangkuriang, causing a wound on his forehead. Sangkuriang then fled, living somewhere else. Years had passed and Sangkuriang had grown into a fine young lad. Dayang Sumbi was as beautiful as ever. Sangkuriang met Dayang Sumbi then fell in love, not realizing that she was actually his mother. Dayang Sumbi shared the same affection, until she noticed the scar on Sangkuriang’s forehead. Convinced that she had found her lost son, Dayang Sumbi refused Sangkuriang’s marriage proposal. Sangkuriang persisted, so Dayang Sumbi asked him to build a big ship during the night. She thought Sangkuriang wouldn’t be able to finish this task. She was wrong—dawn was near, and the ship was almost complete. Dayang Sumbi then tricked the roosters to crow earlier, so Sangkuriang would think that the time was up. Sangkuriang was fooled. In bitter anger he kicked the ship aside. The ship then turned into a mountain.

Papandayan Mountain

Kota Garut, menjadi patokan apabila kita ingin mendaki gunung Papandayan. Gunung dengan elevasi di bawah 3000-an meter itu sangat terkenal di kalangan para pendaki, khususnya pendaki pemula. Selain terkenal dengan keindahan struktur alamnnya, gunung ini juga memiliki kawah belerang yang masih aktif dan letaknya cukup dekat dengan lokasi parkir kendaraan terakhir.

Perjalanan dapat kita awali dari terminal Kampung Rambutan, Jakarta atau terminal Baranagsiang, Bogor. Lalu dengan menumpang bus antar kota kita menuju terminal Garut yang ditempuh kurang lebih dalam waktu 5 jam perjalanan. Dari terminal Garut ini kita sambung dengan colt menuju Cisurupan, sebuah desa di kaki gunung Papandayan. Dari sini pun kita harus menumpang ojek atau kendaraan bak terbuka menuju pos pendakian. Mendaftarkan diri adalah hal pertama yang harus kita lakukan, yaitu dengan menyerahkan foto copy KTP beserta uang masuk sebesar dua ribu rupiah.

Kita tak perlu pusing-pusing bila kita ingin sarapan atau ‘ngopi’ karena di sekitar pos ini banyak warung yang menyediakannya apalagi pada saat liburan sekolah. Dengan mengeluarkan kocek secukupnya kita dapat memuaskan hasrat perut ini.

Pendakian ada baiknya dimulai pada pagi hari sekitar pukul 8.00 WIB, hal ini untuk memudahkan kita menikmati keindahan alam liar gunung Papandayan. Setelah melaporkan diri, dan mempersiapkan segala persediaan makanan kita menelusuri jalur pendakian melewati sisi kawah belerang. Tak usah mengkhawatirkan persediaan air, gunung inilah yang akan menyediakannya. Pertama adalah sebuah sungai pada alun-alun pertama dan parit mata air pada alun-alun yang kedua, yang letaknya di bawah puncak gunung Papandayan.

Dalam waktu 1-2 jam kita akan sampai pada alun-alun pertama, dan dengan sedikit istirahat kita melanjutkan perjalanan menuju alun-alun kedua. Alun-alun yang disebut terakhir ini boleh dibilang masih perawan karena jarang tersentuh manusia. Ini dibuktikan dengan bersihnya lokasi dari sampah dan masih rimbunnya padang Eldelweis yang luasnya mencapai puluhan are itu. Namun untuk mencapai ke sana, kita harus terlebih dahulu melewati puncak G. Papandayan yang karena lebatnya pepohonan, sangat menyulitkan pendaki untuk memilih jalur yang benar di daerah tersebut. Dari lokasi alun-alun pertama alun-alun ini dapat ditempuh dalam waktu 2-3 jam saja.

Untuk turun, ada dua alternatif jalur yang dapat ditempuh yaitu kembali lewat jalur semula atau jalur baru menuju sebelah utara G. Papandayan. Masing-masing memakan waktu 3 jam dan 6 jam.

Biasanya bagi para pendaki pemula saat musim liburan adalah saat favorit bagi mereka untuk berkemah. Lokasinya biasanya terletak di sekitar alun-alun pertama. Tempatnya cukup datar dan tersedia cukup air serta banyak ditumbuhi pohon Mutiara Putih, Eldelweis.

Health Secrets Of The Hunzas

It is believed that among these people centenarians are a common occurrence, and that it is not unusual for elderly persons to reach the venerable age of 130. It has even been reported that a significant number have survived to the incredible age of 145!

You can get the complete "Hunza Health Secrets" ebook free with Peter Kelders "The Eye of Revelation."

These people are not the product of legend, nor is the country they inhabit a mythical utopia. They call themselves the Hunzas (pronounced Hoonzas) and live in what has come to be known as the roof of the world - the mountain peaks of the Himalayas. To be more precise, the Hunza country, with a population of only 30,000, is situated at the extreme northern point of India, where the borders of Kashmir, China, India and Afghanistan converge.

It is said that this tiny group of people, residing in an inaccessible valley about 3000 meters (9000 feet) above sea level, are more or less completely cut off from the outside world. It is also said that they are the happiest people on earth.

Another important point to understand is that the health of the Hunzas is not characterized by the simple absence of disease, although that in itself is quite an accomplishment. More than just not being affected by diseases that strike down so many of our peers in the prime of life, the Hunzas seem to possess boundless energy and enthusiasm, and at the same time are surprisingly serene. Compared to the average Hunza, a westerner of the same age - even one who is considered extremely fit - would seem sickly. And not only seem sickly, but actually be sick!

Exceptional Longevity

The life expectancy of the average Westerner is about 70 years. The life expectancy of the average Hunza falls onto a different scale altogether - these people reach both physical and intellectual maturity at the venerable age of one hundred! This fact emphasizes the relative nature of what we refer to as normal.

As we’ll see a little later on, the way we are conditioned to perceive aging has a determining effect on the way we develop.

At one hundred years old, a Hunza is considered neither old nor even elderly. Even more extraordinary is the fact that Hunzas remain surprisingly youthful in all ways, no matter what their chronological age is.

According to a number of sources, it is not uncommon for 90 year old Hunza men to father children. Hunza women of 80 or more look no older than a western woman of 40 - and not only any woman, but one who is in excellent shape.

They also force us to ask the following question: is there some secret technique that allows these people to live so long, and stay so healthy? The answer is yes – the Hunzas do know something we don’t. But there isn’t just one secret, there are many.

The first, and certainly the most important of these secrets concerns nutrition. Interestingly enough, the Hunza approach resembles that outlined by Hippocrates, father of modern medicine, who lived over 2000 years ago in ancient Greece. The basic precept of their common notion of what constitutes a proper diet is simple: the food you eat is your best medicine.

There’s a modern saying, coined in the sixties: ‘You are what you eat.’

So what do the Hunzas eat?

Well, the basis of the Hunza diet, which to a large extent is dictated by the rather harsh climatic and geographical conditions of their home country, can be summed up in one word: frugality.

Hunzas eat only two meals a day. The first meal is served at twelve noon, although the Hunzas are up every morning at five a.m. This may sound surprising, since most nutrition experts here in the west stress the importance of a hearty breakfast, even though our life-style is relatively sedentary compared to that of the Hunzas, who engage in demanding physical labor all morning long on an empty stomach.

Unlike most Westerners, Hunzas eat primarily for the establishment and maintenance of health rather than for pleasure, although they are very meticulous when preparing their food, which, by the way, happens to be delicious.

In addition, Hunza food is completely natural, containing no chemical additives whatsoever. Unfortunately, that is not the case as far as most of our food is concerned. Everything is as fresh as it can possibly be, and in its original unsalted state. The only "processing" consists of drying some fresh fruits in the the sun, and making butter and cheese out of milk. No chemicals or artificial fertilizers are used in their gardens. In fact, it is against the law of Hunza to spray gardens with pesticides. Renee Taylor, in her book Hunza health secrets ( Prentice-Hall 1964) says that the Mir,or ruler of Hunza, was recently instructed by Pakistani authorities to spray the orchards of Hunza with pesticide, to protect them from an expected invasion of insects. But the Hunzas would have none of it. They refused to use the toxic pesticide, and instead sprayed their trees with a mixture of water and ashes, which adequately protected the trees without poisoning the fruit and the entire environment. In a word, the Hunzas eat as they live - organically.

The Hunzas, then, eat very little. But what exactly do they eat?

Well, a large part of their diet is composed of grains: barley, millet, buckwheat and wheat.

They also eat fruits and vegetables on a regular basis. For the most part, these are consumed fresh and raw, although some vegetables are cooked for a short time. Their preferred fruits and vegetables include potatoes, string beans, peas, carrots, turnip, squash, spinach, lettuce, apples, pears, peaches, apricots, cherries and blackberries. They also have a particular fondness for apricot pits. (You can get apricot seeds in your health food store, get only the dried ones which don't have all the important enzymes killed off). Almonds are eaten whole, or used to make oil through a process that has been transmitted from generation to generation.

Milk and cheese are important sources of animal protein. Meat, although not completely eliminated, is consumed only very rarely, reserved for special occasions like marriages or festivals. This fact is no doubt one of the reasons why the Hunzas have such healthy digestive systems. Even when meat is served, portions are very small: meat is cut into small pieces and stewed for a long time. Beef and mutton are rarely used - chicken is their most common source of animal protein.

The important thing to remember is that although the Hunzas are not wholly vegetarian, meat forms a minimal part of their daily diet.

They generally eat meat only once a week, if that often, and live longer and stay healthier than we do.

Like grains, fruits and vegetables, yogurt is also a staple of the Hunza diet. Yogurt, which replenishes intestinal flora, is extremely beneficial for the human organism. Bulgarians, who also eat a lot of yogurt, are another people who live to a ripe old age. Bulgaria boasts 1,666 centenarians per million inhabitants, while here in the west the number is only 9 per million inhabitants.

Walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds, beechnuts, etc. also comprise an important part of the Hunza diet. Along with fruit, or mixed into salads, nuts often constitute an entire meal.

No discussion of the Hunza diet would be complete without mentioning their special bread, called ‘chapatti,’ which is eaten along with every meal. Since it is used so often, it would be logical to conclude that it is a determining factor - or at least a very important one - in causing their amazing longevity. (There are a couple of recipes included below).

Specialists believe that it is this special bread that endows 90-year-old Hunza men with their ability to conceive children, something that is unheard of here in the west. In fact, chapatti bread contains all essential elements. It can be made from wheat, millet, buckwheat or barley flour, but what is most important is that the flour is whole, i.e. it is not refined, and has not had its germ removed, a common practice here in the west. It is this part of a grain which gives it its reproductive power, as well as its brown color. Unfortunately, westerners tend to associate the whiteness of flour with purity, something that is completely false. In addition, leaving the germ intact makes storing flour-based products more difficult. This presents a problem for the food industry, which prefers using refined white flour even though it has been stripped of most of its nutrients.

The germ of grains has astonishing nutritive properties. For one thing, it contains all of a grain’s Vitamin E content. This vitamin plays an important role in maintaining sexual functions in both humans and animals, and as you may know, sexual activity, which is directly related to the proper functioning of the hormonal system, is vital for health.

Hunza Bread recipes;

Preparation doesn’t take very long - about an hour in all. The first thing to do is to buy some freshly ground flour. A mixture of wheat and buckwheat is excellent. Use one-third wheat flour, and two-thirds buckwheat flour.

Typical Hunza Bread is made fresh each day from stone ground grains, primarily, wheat, barley, buckwheat and millet. These delicious flat unleavened breads are an important part of a nutritious diet of grains, fruits, dried fruits, and veggies. They drink substantial amounts of "Glacial Milk" which is milky colored water fresh melted from base of glaciers, rich in rock flour and minerals.

A Typical Hunza Chapatti Bread Recipe Is Kamali:

2 cups of stone ground whole wheat flour, or mix of flours
1/2 teaspoon vegetable salt or iodized sea salt
(Although they have rich mineral diet,
iodine is rare away from marine locations and fish.)
1/4 to 1 cup glacier milk (water)

Blend flour and salts together. Stir in just enough water to make a very stiff dough. Knead dough on a lightly floured surface until smooth and elastic. Cover with a wet cloth, set aside for 30 minutes. Break dough into one inch balls. Roll into very thin rounds, about 8 inches in diameter. Bake for 10 minutes on a hot lightly greased griddle over a low heat. Turn often. Makes 20 Chapattis.

A Typical Hunza Millet Bread Recipe:

1 cup Millet flour
1 cup grated carrots
1 tablespoon honey
1 tablespoon vegetable salt/iodized salt
2 tablespoons vegetable oil
2 eggs

Combine in Bowl: Flour carrots oil honey and salt. Mix well, then stir 3/4 cup of boiling hot water into the mixture. Beat the egg yolks well adding 2 tbs. of cold water, continue to beat and then add to the mixture. Fold in stiffly beated eggs and bake in a hot oiled pan at 350oF for about 40 minutes.

Although you may find the look of chapatti bread a little strange at first, you’ll soon get used to it. Just remember that the Hunzas are unconditional about their preference, and will not eat any other type of bread.

The energy and endurance of the Hunzas can probably be credited as much to what they don't eat as what they do eat. First of all, they don't eat a great deal of anything. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates that the average daily food intake for Americans of all ages amounts to 3,300 calories, with 100 grams of protein, 157 grams of fat and 380 grams of carbohydrates, In contrast, studies by Pakistani doctors show that adult males of Hunza consume a little more than 1.900 calories daily, with only 50 grams of protein, 36 grams of fat, and 354 grams of carbohydrates. Both the protein and fat are largely of vegetable origin (Dr. Alexander Leaf, National Geographic, January, 1973).

That amounts to just half the protein, one-third the fat, but about the same amount of carbohydrates that westerners eat. Of course, the carbohydrate that the Hunzas eat is undefined or complex carbohydrate found in fruits, vegetables and grains, while westerners largely eat our carbohydrates in the form of nutritionless white sugar and refined flour.

Let’s take a moment to summarize the basic principles and ingredients of the Hunza diet which, as we said, is no doubt one of the main reasons for their exceptional longevity.

First rule: frugality. Here in the west people eat too much - much too much – sometimes two or three times more than our organism actually needs. And we’re not talking about people who have a weight problem either. Try to fashion your diet according to Hunza standards: remember that these mountain people eat only two light meals a day, even though they perform extremely laborious physical work for hours at a stretch, take part in demanding forms of physical exercise, and spend hours hiking along steep mountain paths each and every day. At the same time they do not feel in the least fatigued or anemic – on the contrary, their endurance and longevity is so great it has become almost legendary.

In fact, an excellent way to regenerate your organism and give your digestive system a rest is to fast, or drink only juice, for one day a week. Every spring the Hunzas fast for a number of days.

Although you don’t have to go that far (if you do decide to fast, make sure you are properly monitored by a competent health professional) you can gain inspiration from the Hunza approach to nutrition.

Rule number two: make fresh fruits and vegetables a major part of your diet. Eat most of your vegetables raw, or very lightly steamed. Cut down on your intake of meat, and try preparing your own chapatti bread (if you don’t have the time, at least replace white bread with bread made from whole grain flour).

Rule number three: fasting for one day a week, and maintaining a frugal diet based on Hunza principles for the rest of the week, will be certain to prolong your life and keep you healthy. In fact, you will probably feel completely rejuvenated, both physically and mentally.

Don’t be surprised if you find your life completely transformed, as your newfound physical and mental health results in greater serenity and peace of mind.

Daily Physical Exercise

Another great Hunza health secret concerns the considerable amount of time each day devoted to physical exercise. Most exercise is done outdoors in order to take advantage of the pure mountain air, which in itself has a beneficial effect on health.

Although a large part of their day is spent outdoors, working the fields, the Hunzas do a lot more than that. For one thing, they take regular walks - a 15 or 20 kilometer hike is considered quite normal. Of course they don’t walk that distance every day, but doing so does not require any special effort. You should also keep in mind that hiking along mountain trails is a lot more demanding than walking over flat terrain.

Of course we’re not suggesting that you move to the mountains and become a farmer! You don’t have to change your way of life completely in order to stay healthy and live longer. But one thing the Hunza life-style does prove is that exercise is very important for health.

Walking for an hour each day, something most people can manage, is excellent for both your body and your mind. In fact, walking is the simplest, least costly and most accessible form of exercise there is. And contrary to what you may think, it also provides you with a complete workout. So get in step with the Hunzas and start walking!

In addition to daily physical exercise, the Hunzas practice certain basic yoga techniques, notably yogic breathing, which is slow, deep and rhythmic, and which makes use of the entire thoracic cavity.

Another valuable yoga-related technique used by the Hunzas concerns the fine art of relaxation. Most westerners are not even aware that they are living in an almost constant state of stress.

Relaxation is the key to health, and the Hunzas, both young and old, practice it regularly, doing short meditation sessions a number of times a day.

Although they work very hard for long hours each day, the Hunzas are familiar with the art of relaxation and energy management. For one thing, they tend to work at a slow steady pace instead of in frenetic bursts. This saves both time and energy over the long run, and allows them to accomplish more than they would by overextending themselves, and then becoming exhausted. The Hunzas know that you can work much longer if you are not tense, since nervous and muscular tension result in a considerable waste of energy.

In addition to working slowly, the Hunzas take short but regular breaks, during which they practice various meditation and relaxation techniques. Although these exercises take only a few minutes, they are incredibly effective for recharging energy. What do people here in the west do when they take a break? Have a coffee or smoke a cigarette, both of which drain energy in the long run, although they may have a temporarily stimulating effect.

Anyone who has had a bit of training can rapidly enter a state of deep relaxation. For the Hunzas, relaxation is essential. During their pauses they do not talk, but instead focus inwards, listening to the silence of their soul. Why not let this ancient wisdom work for you? Learn to take time out during each working day to meditate and relax. Taking only twenty deep breaths is enough to regenerate both your mind and your body.

To the Hunzas, knowing when to take a break and using the time to relax is instinctive. Here in the west, however, we seem to have lost touch with our instincts. The unfortunate, and often tragic result is that the body, in an attempt to claim the rest it so desperately needs, will eventually refuse to function altogether. In other words, it gets sick, suffering a nervous breakdown or worse – a fatal heart attack.

An ordinary Hunza day starts early - around five a.m. Actually, the Hunzas rise with the sun, and go to bed at nightfall. The reason for this is simple: they possess no artificial means of illumination - no electricity, no gas, no oil. On the other hand, they are completely in tune with nature. Of course it would be impossible for us to live that way. But you should be aware of one important point: your deepest hours of regenerating sleep occur before midnight.

The Hunzas do not seem to worry about the future, nor are they burdened with concerns about the past. They live in the present moment. And it is only in the present that eternity exists.

Self doubt and the fear of failure, which tend to undermine the well-being of so many people, are unknown to the Hunzas.

The Hunzas seem to be completely immune to these kinds of stress-related health problems. They are perfectly adapted to their environment, and to their way of life. In some respects they are like children - happy in the present moment, not worried about the future. But at the same time they possess the wisdom of the sages. We are the mirror of our thoughts. The serenity and vitality of the Hunzas proves that they have attained perfect mastery over their thoughts, and possess what is so sorely lacking among people here in the west: peace of mind.

Now ask yourself: How different is that attitude to our own, in light of what the Hunzas have accomplished?

Perhaps in a century or two, or maybe even sooner - in 30 or 50 years – people here in the west will consider it completely normal to live to a hundred or more, as the Hunzas have been doing for centuries.

But why wait even that long? The Hunzas, whose philosophy and way of life I hope I have helped you understand, are living and irrefutable proof that it is possible to add years to your life right now! And not just ordinary years - extraordinary years of perfect health, happiness and serenity. All it takes is a little willpower.

Yes, you can overcome disease, stress and depression. Follow the example set by the Hunzas, and apply the secrets revealed in this booklet. It’s up to you to put them into practice and transform your life, so that you remain almost eternally young.

Don’t wait - the best time to start living right is right now!

You’ll feel a whole new life opening up before you as soon as you start applying these marvelous secrets, which have been handed down from generation to generation, through the ages, and which are now yours to enjoy.

All that remains is to wish you a long and healthy life!

Hunza Diet Bread

Hunza Diet Bread is a delicious, dense, chewy bread that's very nutritious and almost impervious to spoilage.

Hunza Diet Bread is made from natural buckwheat or millet flour, and is rich in phosphorous, potassium, iron, calcium, manganese, and other minerals. As nothing has been destroyed in the preparation from the wheat, it contains the essential nourishment of the grain. This is why it is important to ONLY use Natural Buckwheat or Millet flour to make Hunza Diet Bread.

The following recipe makes a huge batch of approximately 60 (sixty) two-inch squares, high in protein, vitamins, and minerals. It keeps weeks at room temperature, even longer in the fridge, and indefinitely in the freezer. It's a great survival food to take camping and hiking.

The recipe for this wonderful bread is as follows:

• 4 cups of water
• 3.5 (three & one-half) to 4 pounds of buckwheat or millet flour
• 1.5 (one & one-half) cups of coconut oil or canola oil
• 1.5 (one & one-half) cups of natural unrefined sugar
• 16 ounces of honey
• 16 ounces of molasses
• 4 ounces of powdered whey or soya milk (one-half cup)
• 1 teaspoon sea salt
• 1 teaspoon cinnamon
• 1 teaspoon ground nutmeg
• 2 teaspoons baking powder (non-aluminium)

While Hunza Diet Bread has a taste that is very satisfying and chewy all on its own, apricots, raisins, chopped walnuts, almonds, or sliced dates can also be added.

Mix all the ingredients. Grease and lightly flour your cooking pan(s). Ideally, use baking trays with 1-inch-high sides. Pour batter into pan(s) to a level of one-half an inch deep. Bake at about 300 degrees Farenheit (150 C) for 1 hour. After baking, dry the bread in the oven for two hours at a very low heat - 90 degrees Farenheit (50 C). After the bread has cooled, remove it from the baking pan and cut into approximately 2 inch x 2 inch squares. Store it wrapped in cloth in a container.

You may need to repeat the baking depending on the size of your baking pan and oven until all of the mixture has been baked.